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likely to need joint replacement; perhaps surprisingly, however, obesity does not increase the risk of these operations failing and requiring revision (Amin et al., 2006). Interestingly, osteoarthritis of the hands is also more common in obese people (Figure 13.1), whereas the foot and ankle joints are relatively spared. The association between obesity and osteoarthritis is poorly understood. The classical explanation excessive mechanical loading of the joints during locomotion appears valid for the hips and knees, which suffer additional strain because the varus (bow-legged) deformity of obese legs disturbs the normal vertical alignment of these weight-bearing joints (Figure 13.2). However, this cannot explain the sparing of weight-bearing joints below the knee, or osteoarthritis of the hands. Recent research points to altered metabolism of cartilage and bone, leading to loss of cartilage and remodelling of damaged bone, with increased density and overgrowth to form the characteristic osteophytes. These changes may be induced by increased local concentrations of adipokines (leptin and resistin) released by the expanded fat mass, and the concomitant fall in adiponectin (see 4). An increased ratio of leptin to adiponectin in synovial uid may trigger cartilage destruction and thus contribute to the initiation and/or progression of osteoarthritis (Pottie et al., 2006; Alexander, 2004). These circulating factors may help to explain the involvement of non-weight-bearing joints, and also how weight loss can protect against both the development and progression of osteoarthritis.

This equation represents a system of straight fringes that are parallel to neither the x axis nor the y axis. Only when either the coef cient D or E is zero, they are parallel to either the x axis or the y axis, respectively. We note the difference between the two situations represented by Eqs. (4.4) and (4.6). When there is no defocusing D 0 , Eq. (4.4.) describes a uniform or fringe-free eld, while Eq. (4.6) gives a system of straight fringes parallel to the x axis. When an optical system is being collimated with respect to the point source of light, we go through the region of the focus. Figure 4.4 illustrates the representative lateral shearing interferograms inside the focus (a), at the focus (b), and outside the focus (c), in a lateral shearing interferometer without tilt. When we use a lateral shearing interferometer that can also introduce tilt for the same purpose, the corresponding sequence of interferograms will be as shown in Figure 4.5. In this case, it is possible to detect slight defocusing. It is much easier to detect a change in the direction of fringes than to indentify the plane with total absence of fringes. Therefore, the ability to introduce tilt in addition to lateral shear might be a distinct advantage in certain situations. Later we talk about the use of this feature to accomplish different tasks in optical arrangements.

Figure 4-9: Two examples of employing repeating patterns (created with Edit Define Pattern) as custom halftoning patterns.

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(3.43)

where n k = 0, 1, 2, 3, .. The time weighting function for the highpass filter is that for the lowpass filter (Table 4.4 and Figure 4.32) with alternating signs as shown in Figure 4.34.

FIGURE 4.3. Schematic diagram (in plane and elevation) illustrating the original and the sheared wavefronts for a circular aperture. The fringes arising due to the lateral shear may only be seen in the area of overlap of the two wavefronts.

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date information about what s happening on your system Introduced with the 26 Linux kernel, the /sys file system contains entries that provide information about the kernel s view of your system s hardware and the kernel modules used to manage those physical resources Prior to the 26 kernel, this information was also stored in the /proc file system, but the Linux kernel developers introduced the /sys file system to provide a clear separation between process- and system-related information Unfortunately, because the /sys file system is relatively new to Linux, some of the system information that you d expect to find there is still found in the /proc file system it s tricky to change where 10 zillion different utilities look for system-level information.

where now f (x) is essentially arbitrary. De ne the vectors w = [w0 w1 wn 2 wn 1 ]T Rn , m = [m0 m1 m2n 2 m2n 1 ]T R2n .